Fracture

Osteoporotic fractures are a result of osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become more fragile due to bone deterioration or low bone mass. Bones that are weaker or more fragile are at greater risk for fractures. Fractures occur commonly in the spine. Bone loss can occur without any symptoms, until the fracture actually occurs. Osteoporotic fractures can arise with minimal trauma, such as a strain, bump or fall. In individuals with osteoporosis,a fracture can be caused by even a minor fall or during routine activities, such as twisting and bending. Typically, significant back pain along the spine is experienced after a fracture happens.

Backache / neck pain

The most common cause of acute back or neck pain is a muscle injury, in which muscle fibers stretch too far and tear. Muscle injury may be caused by overuse, such as from heavy lifting, as well as by repetitive motions that put continual stress on the back or neck muscles. While a muscle injury may not sound like a serious issue, the resulting pain can be severe. Most muscle injuries alleviate within 6 weeks using treatments such as over-the-counter pain medicines, heat or ice therapy, or stretching exercises.

Radiculopathy / disc disease / sciatica

Radiculopathy, or a pinched nerve in the spine, can lead to a variety of uncomfortable symptoms, including pain, weakness, and numbness. Sciatica is pain running down the back of the leg. Sciatic pain usually results from one or more nerves in the lumbar spine being compressed or irritated. It usually runs through the buttock, and its distribution from there depends upon which nerve is being affected.

Degenrative spine disease / canal stenosis

Degenerative disc disease is one of the most common causes of low back and neck pain, and also one of the most misunderstood. Simply put, degenerative disc disease refers to symptoms of back or neck pain caused by wear-and-tear on a spinal disc. In some cases, degenerative disc disease also causes weakness, numbness, and hot, shooting pains in the arms or legs (radicular pain). Degenerative disc disease typically consists of a low-level chronic pain with intermittent episodes of more severe pain.

Listhesis

Listhesis is the name for an unnaturally mobile vertebra, which moves, leaves its normal position and, thus, can cause different complaints. Beside listhesis also the term spondylolisthesis is common.

Cervicomedullary junction malformation

The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is composed of the occiput, the foramen magnum, and the first two cervical vertebrae, encompassing the medulla oblongata and the upper cervical spinal cord. Anomalies of the CVJ may be congenital or acquired. CVJ anomalies that decrease the volume of the posterior cranial fossa.

Ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the small bones in your spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it can be difficult to breathe deeply. Ankylosing spondylitis affects men more often than women. Signs and symptoms typically begin in early adulthood. Inflammation also can occur in other parts of your body — most commonly, your eyes. There is no cure for ankylosing spondylitis, but treatments can lessen your symptoms and possibly slow progression of the disease.

Kyphosis / scoliosis

Touch the top of your neck, near your hairline. That’s where your spine starts. From the base of your skull all the way down to your lower back, your spine is one of the most important parts of your body. Your spine is made up of small bones called vertebrae that are stacked on top of one another, creating the curve of your back. In addition to protecting your spinal cord, your spine does a lot for you: It holds up your head, shoulders, and upper body so you can stand up straight. And it helps you bend, twist, and move around.

Spinal tumor / metastasis

spinal tumor is an abnormal growth arising from any of the tissues that make up the spine. There are many different types of spinal tumors and not all of them are malignant (spinal cancer). Primary and Metastatic Spinal Tumors Primary spinal tumors are those that originate in the spine. They are relatively rare, typically benign (noncancerous) and represent a small percentage of spinal tumors. Malignant tumors may also originate in the spine, although more often they spread to the spine from elsewhere in the body.

Potts spine

Spinal tuberculosis (TB) or Pott's spine is the commonest extrapulmonary manifestation of TB. It spreads through hematogenous route. Clinically, it presents with constitutional symptoms, back pain, tenderness, paraplegia or paraparesis, and kyphotic or scoliotic deformities. Pott's spine accounts for 2% of all cases of TB, 15% of extrapulmonary, and 50% of skeletal TB. The paradiscal, central, anterior subligamentous, and neural arch are the common vertebral lesions. Thoracic vertebrae are commonly affected followed by lumbar and cervical vertebrae.

coccydynia

coccydynia is a pain felt in your coccyx (tailbone). This is the last bone at the bottom of the spine (tailbone). You can get it if you injure or strain your coccyx or the surrounding muscles and ligaments. In most cases, the pain will improve over a few weeks or months, but occasionally it can last much longer and severely affect your ability to carry out everyday activities.